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3) 16 necessary nutrients for the vegetal life are known today, that usually are classified in three categories. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are called primary nutrients or macronutrients, due to their specific paper. Nitrogen regulates the production of proteinas and is primary in the growth of leaves and stems. The phosphorus is essential for the photosynthesis, and assures the mechanism power transference within the plant. The potassium is essential for the production of sugars and starches, as well as for the cellular division.
Secondary elements are the magnesium (fundamental to absorb energy luminance, and to neutralize toxic remainders produced by the plant), and the calcium, without which it is not possible the production and growth of cells, because it must be present always in the end of each raiz, leaf or flower. Micronutrients are called - to act in minimum amounts, basically like catalysts for different processes seven elements more: iron, sulfur, manganese, boron, molybdenum, zinc and receive. This does not exhaust the operating elements in the vegetal development, but the rest (aluminum, chlorine, cobalt, iodo, selenium, silicon, sodium and vanadium) usually are not included in the mixtures of nutrients, when existing normally like impurities of the water, or added to other nutrients.
Since the amount of nutrients depends on each land, and she is not the same one for phases of germination, growth and flowering, the fertilizer factories offer an amplest variety of compounds. It will agree to know if they are thought for hidroponía on earth, or for wool of rock or expanded clay, and only the experience allows the cultivator to choose between marks. Some offer separated shock absorbers of fluctuations in pH, and boats, with the proportions considered ideal for growth and flowering, measures in tea-spoons by gallon of water, that is equivalent to four liters.
The more elementary hidropónica technique consists of a bucket provided with a tube, that rises or low according to it comes.
Although this elementary procedure works well when it is handled by expert hands, an also simple technique but more outpost uses a tank of nutrients, that it has three submerged elements. First it is a heater of aquarium, ordered to maintain the water in a 18-24 margin degrees. The second is a filtro/oxigenador, of aquarium also, that fulfills the purposes indicated by its name. Third it is a small electrical pump, that elevates the mixture of water and fertilizers from the tank to the plants. The mixture runs by a tube of plastic transparency, which they leave smaller tubes finished by a dripping pipette, whose piston rod nails to very little distance of each plant, so that the small mouth of irrigation is directed towards the trunk. The other end of the main tube occludes with a cork, and is essential to seal very carefully - by means of some tail, silicone, tape of teflón, etc. - the done holes before (with a striker pin) to introduce the finest tubes there; in another case there will be water flights, possible flood and risk, then, of which somebody electrocute.
The second part of this system includes - in its more elementary form a platform or pulls white where they also rest one or several white plastic trays, with a hole somewhere of its base, from which it returns the water to the tank; of course, it is essential that the tube or overflow pipes is perfectly sealed, so that nor a drop goes to the ground. The platform must be to more height than the tank, in order that the water returns by simple weight. But the plants do not have to rest on the bottom of the trays (that will be soaked almost constantly), but on smaller, white trays also, with base of grid that assures a drainage constant, and raised a centimeter or little to avoid the encharcamiento of each foot more.
At the moment, the specialized stores offer jardineras more comfortable, and very cheap, whose acanaladuras avoid the encharcamiento, provided in addition with a simplified system to water-drainage.
A common regime of irrigation is five minutes every six hours. This can be made by hand, igniting and extinguishing to the pump every time, but it is as troublesome as useless. All the stores of do-it-yourself work and gardening sell different timers, between which they emphasize those of digital type, because they allow to fix that program - or any other coordinating it with fotoperiodo, and making sure the cultivator that each plant will receive the same dose of water, at intervals equal. The experimented ones maintain that the rigorous precision and coordination of irrigation and fotoperiodo increase the yields considerably. Of course, he is evident that these short terms of dripping allow to every day recycle the nutrients in periods of 10-15 minutes, providing to the plants a Maxima absorption of such elements.
Finally, it must be taken in consideration that the mixture of nutrients is not as unstable as pH, but far from it fixes. Some good stores of gardening have average the simplest one to control this subject, that is practically identical a digital measurer in aspect to the digital measurers of pH, called to tester or pen of DS (dissolved liquids).
Like the measurer of pH, the one of DS has to the back a screw that allows to sharpen it, and comes accompanied by a thought solution the effect (then if its electrode the headress must mark 100). Once calibrated, it is enough to submerge it in the tank and to press the button located in the superior part to obtain certain number, that it is compared with the optimal measurement in every period: 60-80 for germination, 130-190 for the two following phases. The advantage of certain nutrients is to offer three different mixtures (Micro, Grow and Bloom), specifying the relative proportions of each one by liter, for each phase of the plant.
In order to obtain the desirable concentration it comes, then, to add so many tea-spoons as it is necessary, or to dilute to the mixture adding something more of water; more precise and fast than a spoon it is a plastic syringe, graduated by centimeters and spoons.
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